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Carlo Pollonera
Carlo Pollonera (Alexandria, Egypt, March 27, 1849 - Turin, June 17, 1923) was an Italian painter, particularly of landscapes, and also an important malacologist.
==Biography==
Carlo Pollonera's father, Giovanni B. Pollonera, was a lawyer in Alexandria.〔 He died when Carlo was a child, after which his mother returned to Italy (Genoa) and remarried.〔 As a seventeen-year-old, Carlo fought with Garibaldi on the Trentino campaign of 1866. In 1865, the family had moved to Turin, where Pollonera began studying painting with Alberto Maso Gilli. He enrolled at the Accademia Albertina and studied under Gamba and Andrea Gastaldi, switching later to study in the private school of Antonio Fontanesi.〔 In January 1875, he travelled with Carlo Stratta to Paris, where he studied under Thomas Couture and was influenced by the Barbizon school.〔( Arte Piemonte website ), biography by MLRdv.〕 Other visits were to Milan in 1874 and to Rome between 1900 and 1912, where he associated with Antonio Mancini, Pietro Canonica and John Singer Sargent.〔( Istituto Matteucci ) biography from ''Dizionario degli artisti'', curated by Cristina Bonagura, Part of the work of ''Pittori & pittura dell’Ottocento italiano'' (1996-1997) coordinated by Giuliano Matteucci with the collaboration of Paul Nicholls, and completed with the Redazioni Grandi Opere dell’Istituto Geografico De Agostini.〕〔(Galleria Berman )〕 His ''Card Players'', one of his first works, was exhibited at the 1873 Promotrice of Turin, where he subsequently exhibited regularly.〔 Among his works are: ''Canavese''; ''Aprile''; ''Le oche''; ''Tranquillità''; ''Il ballo''; ''La mestizia''; ''Terrena fiorito'', and ''Il Malone''. In 1882, he exhibited the life-size portrait of ''Il seminatore''.〔(''Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti.'' ), by Angelo de Gubernatis. Tipe dei Successori Le Monnier, 1889, page 384.〕 Some of his paintings are nowadays valued at thousands, or even tens of thousands, of euros.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Carlo Pollonera: Primavera in Ligura )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://oldpaintings.net/artworksByArtist/27440/4f89793b78658fe82101ad10/Carlo-Pollonera/Children_Praying )〕
As a child, Pollonera had become the stepson of the prominent natural scientist and senator Michele Lessona, whose second wife (Pollonera's mother, Adele Masi Lessona) and children were much involved in his scientific output, particularly the translations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Scienza a due voci: le donne nella scienza italian dal settecento al novecento. Masi Lessona Adele )〕 From 1882 to 1916 Pollonera wrote over 50 scientific articles on non-marine molluscs.〔 See his bibliography page. Most articles were written in Italian for Italian journals, but there were also instance of articles written in French, English, Portuguese and German for journals of those countries. His peak output was in the decade 1884-1893, when working on the fauna of Italy and adjacent areas; only 16 articles appeared after 1898, when his attention shifted more to the fauna of Africa. Pollonera's first publication was a monograph on Italian slugs in conjunction with his younger half-brother Mario Lessona,〔 but subsequently he was always the sole author. However, the section below on taxa named after Pollonera provides many examples of generous cooperation with other scientists, sometimes authoring species descriptions in other's papers or drawing the plates. Whilst some of his papers are collections of brief notes about disparate topics, others are authoritative monographs about particular taxa. His obituarist Colosi〔 points out that his thorough and keenly-observed species descriptions were appreciated even by those who disagreed with his conclusions about the systematics. His skill as an artist is also apparent in the plates illustrating his articles (see examples below). One particularly important aspect of his research is that he dissected the animals to provide extra anatomical characters; this has since become standard but was "cutting-edge" at the time.〔 This approach is particularly valuable in studying slugs, which was the group that he published most on, although others of his papers concern terrestrial snails and occasionally freshwater and fossil faunas. His collection is in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturale di Torino.
Pollonera married Ulma de'Bartolomeis,〔 also a painter, who sometimes worked on the same canvas with him. They had a daughter Sabina.〔
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